VEGFA and neoplasm: NHT usually decreases cell proliferation (as indicated by a decrease in the percentage of Ki-67-labeled cells) and diploidy, induces apoptosis and consequent atrophy of non-neoplastic and neoplastic prostatic epithelium as characterized by the fragmentation of tumor DNA and the appearance of apoptotic bodies, and downregulates the expression of vessel-related markers such as vascular endothelial growth factor [30, 31].