GPER1 and ovarian carcinoma: There is also contradictory evidence that activation of GPER stimulates caspase-dependent apoptosis [31] and suppresses cancer cell proliferation via blocking tubulin polymerization and disrupting spindle formation of ovarian cancer cells [32], and inhibiting cell cycle progression in G2/M phase and thus arresting cells at G2 phase of mitosis of ovarian cancer cells [31] and prostate cancer cells [33].