Such an effect of nAChR signaling is also observed in many other types of cancers; for instance, the proliferation of mesothelioma cells is stimulated by nicotine through activation of the ERK1-ERK2 signaling cascade and nicotine also inhibits the apoptosis of the cell through activation of NF-κB and phosphorylation of BAD [40]. Here, MAPK3 is linked to cancer.