Haptoglobin in combination with lipocalin 2 has also been shown to allow discrimination between pneumonia and malaria in children with respiratory distress [26], and alone or in combination with tumour necrosis factor receptor 2 (TNFR2) or interleukin-10 (IL10), and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1 (TIMP1) has recently been suggested to allow accurate classification of patients into bacterial, malarial and viral aetiologies [25]. This evidence concerns the gene TIMP1 and malaria.