CD4 and HIV infectious disease: Our observation that total IL-32 levels are high in early HIV infection (Fig. 4c) and in SP subjects who experience loss of HIV control (Fig. 3d) and that these levels positively correlate with the decrease in CD4+ T-cell count from V1 to V2 (Fig. 3e), together with the proinflammatory nature of IL-32 non-α/non-δ isoforms25, led us to hypothesize that IL-32 levels may predict the loss of control in the general population of SP subjects.