RNF10 and syndromic intellectual disability: Intriguingly, all these genes are mutated or dysregulated in intellectual disability syndromes in humans and/or in the corresponding mouse models (Vogt et al., 2007; Michaluk et al., 2011; Ramakers et al., 2012), which are characterized by various alterations in dendritic spines, thus suggesting a key role in synaptic effects observed following RNF10 silencing.