Positive serum autoantibodies to pancreatic islet antigens: insulin (IAA), glutamic acid decarboxylase (GADA) and insulinoma-associated protein 2 (IA-2A) are hallmarks of beta cell-directed autoimmunity, and were studied in the AAD cohorts in the past [1, 2, 8, 9]. This evidence concerns the gene INS and Autoimmunity.