TLR8 and viral infectious disease: We used TLR-agonists as surrogates for whether virus infections could induce expression of LILRA3. We wanted to determine which TLR agonist could regulate LILRA3 expression and showed that ssRNA40, a TLR8 agonist, is a most prominent regulator of LILRA3. Since HIV is an ssRNA virus which has been documented to induce aberrant TLR responses in hosts [25, 26], we analyzed the TLR8 regulation of LILRA3 expression in the context of HIV infection.