TP53 and cancer: The inhibitory effect against cancer cells by AC may be mediated by various cellular mechanisms of actions, such as regulation of oncogene and tumor suppressor gene expression, inhibition of metastasis and angiogenesis regulatory proteins, down-regulation of signal transduction pathways involving NF-κB, AP-1, Nrf2, and MAPK, induction of cell-cycle arrest, and apoptosis involving the Wnt/β-catenin, p53, death ligands, Bcl-2 and caspase families [23, 29, 30].