Consistently, when we utilized ICS to measure PPD-specific Th1 cells, we found that frequencies of PPD-specific IFN-γ+ CD4+ T cells in HIV-1+LTB group were significantly higher than HIV-1+ATB and HIV-1+TB- groups (Fig 2B, P<0.001 and P = 0.0042, respectively). Here, IFNG is linked to tuberculosis.