We found that CD8+ T-cell counts were not only associated with active TB disease but also with M. tb co-infection including both latent and active status since median numbers of CD8+ T cells were 244/μL (CD4, 168), 482/μL (CD4, 447) and 659/μL (CD4, 329), respectively, in HIV-1+ATB, HIV-1+LTB and HIV-1+TB- groups (all P<0.001; Fig 3A). Here, LTB is linked to coinfection.