The majority of rural children (92.2%; p < 0.001) were anemic (Hb < 110 g/L) compared with just over half of the urban children (56.3%; p < 0.001), and nearly 1 in 5 rural children had severe anemia (Hb concentration < 70 g/L) compared to only 1 in 38 of urban children (Table 1). This evidence concerns the gene GSTM1 and anemia (phenotype).