TGFβ1 is considered a master negative regulator of inflammation; IFNβ1 is a classical anti-viral and anti-bacterial cytokine, while IL34, which binds to colony-stimulating factor-1 receptors present on PC12 cells, was recently shown to increase microglia-afforded neuroprotection in an animal model of Alzheimer’s disease [54]. Here, IL34 is linked to early-onset autosomal dominant Alzheimer disease.