Cells with reduced ATG12 expression produced significantly more colonies in soft agar than control cells, similar to CDKN1A knockdown, consistent with a role of autophagy in tumor suppression (Qu et al., 2003; Takamura et al., 2011; Yue et al., 2003) (Figure 6C and Figure 6—figure supplement 3). This evidence concerns the gene CDKN1A and neoplasm.