RARA and neoplasm: TGM2 was also reported to be upregulated in cancer cell lines by several important signaling pathways involved in tumor progression or metastasis, such as NFKB1/NF-κB, TGFB1/TGF-beta, RARA/RAR-alpha (Ai et al., 2012; Cao et al., 2012; Jung et al., 2007; Ranganathan et al., 2007; Rebe et al., 2009), and upon genotoxic stress (Caccamo et al., 2012; Shin et al., 2004).