For example, ET-1 is elevated in pulmonary hypertension (Stewart et al., 1991a), myocardial infarction (Stewart et al., 1991b), stroke (Franceschini et al., 2001; Volpe and Cosentino, 2000), abdominal aortic aneurysms (Flondell-Site et al., 2010), and chronic kidney disease patients (Lebel et al., 1994). This evidence concerns the gene EDN1 and pulmonary arterial hypertension.