TGFB1 and cancer: TGF-β is known to have paradoxical roles in carcinogenesis and cancer development: in the early stages of oncogenesis TGF-β pathway activation is generally associated with oncosuppression [1], whereas in the more advanced stages of tumor development TGF-β promotes metastasis, angiogenesis, immunosuppression and Epithelial to Mesenchymal transition (EMT) [2, 3].