Third, in that certain viral infections, such as those mediated by HIV, coxsackieviruses, enteroviruses, and poliovirus, particularly target PAB1 for degradation [39–41], the prevalence of an alternative closed-loop structure would be a critical part of the translation process in both normal and disease states in terms of regulation and the important resistance to and progression of these environmental impacts. The gene discussed is PABPC1; the disease is viral infectious disease.