NOD2 and Cowden disease: Consistent with previous studies,11, 36 MDM from patients with IBD carrying homozygous or two heterozygous NOD2 variants showed a defect in MDP-dependent bacterial handling of S. typhimurium (figure 2B, left) as well as AIEC (figure 2B, right), a strain previously implicated in CD pathogenesis.30, 37, 38