On the other hand, IL-9, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), macrophage inflammatory protein-1-β (MIP-1β), granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and fibroblast growth factor-basic (FGF-basic) are elevated in the CSF of MS patients [64]. This evidence concerns the gene CSF2 and myeloid sarcoma.