PDYN and substance dependence: As numerous studies have demonstrated that interactions of dynorphin and CRF can influence stress, anxiety, and drug-seeking behavior (e.g., Valdez et al., 2007; Land et al., 2008; Bruchas et al., 2009; Funk et al., 2014), the potential interaction between these peptide systems in mediating stress-enhancement of drinking in the context of dependence should be addressed in future studies.