CAV1 and Cowden disease: Because CSD treatment rescued the effects of caveolin-1 silencing and exerted anabolic effects on canine CLCs by modifying TGF-β signaling at the gene expression level, different concentrations (i.e., 2 ng/ml TGF-β1 [T2], 10 ng/ml TGF-β1 [T10], 10 μM CSD [C10], and 25 μM CSD [C25]) were tested to determine the additive effect of CSD on TGF-β1 treatment of human, CD, and NCD canine CLCs.