Necroptosis was also suggested in CsA-associated tubular injury with an in vitro model.57 The authors demonstrated obvious therapeutic effects of Nec-1 and knockdown of Rip3 in rat TECs exposed to CsA, indicating that necroptosis might also be implicated in the pathologic process of CsA-related AKI. This evidence concerns the gene PCSK1 and acute kidney injury.