TARDBP and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: When either wild-type or ALS-associated mutant TDP-43 were overexpressed in the SH-SY5Y neuronal cell line, a significant reduction in cell survival was observed from those GFP-TDP-43 expressing cells (Fig. 4A and B andSupplementary Fig. 3), indicating that the overexpression of TDP-43 is indeed toxic to neuronal cells.