From the point of view of cancer or tumor research, it was reported that miR-103 is part of the G1/S transition regulatory network, by targeting CCNE1, CDK2, and CREB1 (cAMP responsive element binding protein 1) during IGF-1 simulated proliferation in mouse crypt cells (Liao and Lonnerdal 2010). Here, CREB1 is linked to cancer.