In a dose-dependent manner, HNA treatment of AML cell lines and primary samples significantly increased the percent annexin V positive cells (Figures 3A, S4), increased the percent of cells in G1 of the cell cycle (Figure 3B), increased cleaved PARP and caspase-3 (Figure 3C), down-regulated Bcl-2 pro-survival family members (Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl), up-regulated the pro-apoptotic protein, Bim (Figures 3D, S5), increased G1 phase regulators (p21cip1, p27kip1), and decreased level of cyclin D1 (Figure 3D). Here, CDKN1A is linked to acute myeloid leukemia.