Other studies might also seem to conflict with ours since they linked autism to changes in not only oncogenes but also tumor suppressors, including those involved in canonical cancer signaling pathways (e.g., the PI3K-AKT-PTEN-TSC-mTOR or PI3K-RAS-MAPK pathways), as well as chromatin-modifying proteins. The gene discussed is PIK3CA; the disease is autism.