TNF and cancer: Most pathways identified by DAVID in this cluster of genes (Fig 3) are involved in processes related to cancer, including cell proliferation and migration (RET, the mitogen-activated protein kinase [MAPK] pathway, phosphatase and tensin homolog [PTEN], phosphoinositide 3-kinase [PI3K]/AKT, the hedgehog signaling pathway, p53, p21, and ZEB2), apoptosis (BCL-2, PTEN, PI3K/AKT, p53, p21, and c-Jun), and inflammation (TNFα, IL1β, IL-6, the MAPK pathway, and PI3K/AKT).