Intratumoral expression of PD-L1 and/or PD-1 has been shown in polyomavirus-associated Merkel cell carcinoma [40], hepatitis B virus(HBV)-related hepatocellular carcinoma [41], human papillomavirus(HPV)-associated head and neck cancer [42], Epstein Barr Virus(EBV)-associated nasopharyngeal cancer [43] and so on. This evidence concerns the gene PDCD1 and nasopharyngeal carcinoma.