TGFB1 and cancer: Many of these pathways were previously described upon exposure to CNTs, including MAPK, P53, PI3-Akt, transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ), and Wnt signaling pathways, as well as regulation of cell cycle, apoptosis, focal adhesion, and pathways/transcription misregulation in cancer [47, 58–61, 66].