MΦs that is pre-exposed to ALS have profound production of pro-inflammatory molecules including NO and IL-12, which are important players in the battle against Leishmania. ALS is reported to be deficient of LPG24 which is important because LPG defective mutant show extensive phagosome maturation15 and we observed indeed that ALS pre-treated MΦs showed increased phago-lysosome fusion when infected with PLD. The gene discussed is APOE; the disease is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.