Upregulation of TLR2 was observed in inflammatory cells from the lamina propria of active IBD patients; differential expression of TLR3 was verified in UC patients, which presented a basolateral expression on IECs; both UC and CD patients showed an abundant TLR4 expression on basolateral and apical surfaces of IECs, respectively, and enhanced expression of TLR4 was also present in the lamina propria of IBD individuals (80). Here, TLR4 is linked to inflammatory bowel disease.