Genetic susceptibility studies have associated SNPs in the ESR2 gene that codes for ERβ with significantly increased risk of ovarian cancer (Lurie et al., 2011), and epidemiological studies (Women's Health Initiative and Million Women Studies: (Anderson et al., 2003; Beral et al., 2007) have also suggested that both estrogen only and estrogen–progestin hormone replacement therapies increase the risk of ovarian cancer (Modugno et al., 2012). The gene discussed is ESR2; the disease is ovarian cancer.