Based on these data, and on our recent observation that a second RAGE ligand, S100B, has deleterious effects in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-model (Sathe et al., 2012), we have explored the role of HMGB1 in the MPTP model as well as in biospecimens from PD patients. Here, HMGB1 is linked to Parkinson disease.