AGER and Parkinson disease: Based on these data, and on our recent observation that a second RAGE ligand, S100B, has deleterious effects in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-model (Sathe et al., 2012), we have explored the role of HMGB1 in the MPTP model as well as in biospecimens from PD patients.