HMOX1 and lip and oral cavity carcinoma: Based on this study and other prior reports [1, 2, 6, 25, 32], we conclude that AN components play crucial roles in the pathogenesis of BQ-induced oral cancer and OSF possibly via induction of ROS, EGF/EGFR, JAK, Src, MEK/ERK, IL-1α, ADAMs, CYP1A1, HO-1 and COX signaling pathways, as well as the aberration in cell cycle- and differentiation-related proteins of oral keratinocytes (Figure 9).