HRAS and non-small cell lung carcinoma: In non-small cell lung cancer cells, for example, M3Rs activated by ACh promote cell proliferation and invasion via the EGFR/PI3K/AKT pathway [10], while in colon cancer M3R activation exerts a growth-promoting effect by mediating activation of the p21Ras-ERK pathway through tyrosine-phosphorylated EGFR [8].