TGFB1 and central nervous system cancer: Specifically, we observed that either exposure to cilengitide or gene silencing of αvβ3, αvβ5 or αvβ8, or neutralizing antibodies to these integrins reduced (TGF)-β1/2 mRNA expression, protein release and pSMAD2 phosphorylation, a surrogate marker of canonical TGF-β pathway activation [20], in glioma cells [17].