AKT1 and cancer: GSK-3β acts as a downstream effector of AKT that executes AKT-induced cell growth, proliferation, and survival in many cancer types, including CaP cells; hence, we analyzed GSK-3β expression in CaP cells.33, 34 A decrease in phosphorylated GSK-3β expression was observed in WA-treated CRPC cells (Supplementary Figure S1A) in a dose- (data not shown) and time-dependent manner similar to that of Par-4 induction (Supplementary Figure S1A).