In a co-culture study of HIV-1 infected T cells (CEM) and latently KSHV infected B cells (BCBL-1), several cytokines including oncostatin M (OSM), hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF), and IFN-γ were found to be induced in response to HIV-1 infection in CEM or BCBL-1 cells. Here, OSM is linked to HIV-1 infection.