TNF and infection: As for the right (non-infected) paws of mice infected with high dose L. major the effect of atenolol on the levels of TNF-α was only significant at day 4 post infection becoming 28.29 ± 15.27 pg/hind paw as compared to 79.01 ± 7.91 pg/hind paw for the infected atenolol untreated mice (p < 0.01; Figure 6B).