TNF and infection: Atenolol reduced significantly the levels of TNF-α in the infected paws of mice starting day 2 post-infection becoming more significant at day 7 post-infection when the levels of TNF-α reached 22.79 ± 3.77 pg/hind paw in the paws of treated mice as compared to 80.98 ± 6.83 pg/hind paw in the infected paws of non-treated mice (p < 0.001; Figure 6A).