In a model adjusting for sex, age, estimated duration of infection, symptomatic infection, HIV co-infection, interferon-lambda rs12979860 genotype, HCV genotype, and assay run, only HCV RNA >400,000 IU/mL (vs. < 8,500 IU/mL; adjusted β = 0.16; 95 % CI: 0.01, 0.31; P = 0.036) remained significantly associated with higher MIP-1β levels. Here, CCL4 is linked to coinfection.