TSHR and thyroid gland carcinoma: Thyroid stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) was chosen for its robust expression in both normal as well as in differentiated thyroid cancer cells [41–44] as evidenced by studies showing no down-regulation of TSH-R in differentiated thyroid cancer cells [45], while others showed TSHR being over-expressed in thyroid carcinomas and benign adenomas as compared to normal thyroid tissue [43].