In addition, the silencing of TBX3 by methylation has been associated with progression to muscle-invasive bladder tumours and with more aggressive prostate tumours and this correlated with significantly lowered survival rate.44, 45, 46, 47 The apparent paradoxical ability of TBX3 to either promote or inhibit tumorigenesis has also been reported for other developmental transcription factors with prime examples including FOXO3,48, 49 TGFβ,50 Sox451 and other T-box factors. Here, FOXO3 is linked to prostate neoplasm.