To examine the effect of suprabasin on ESCC cell tumorigenicity, an anchorage-independent growth assay was performed and showed that suprabasin-transduced ESCC cells formed a larger number and larger colonies than control cells, while suprabasin inhibition had the opposite effect (Fig. 4a, Supplementary Fig. 3e). This evidence concerns the gene SBSN and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.