AKT1 and osteoarthritis: In osteoarthritis synovial fibroblasts, WISP1 can activate αvβ5 integrin, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI 3-K), protein kinase B (Akt), and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) pathways that result in the up-regulation of interleukin -6 (IL-6) production [29].