TFAM and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Despite this coordinated regulation, the amount of TFAM protein (control 1.0 ± 0.23, COPD 0.76 ± 0.14; P = 0.18) did not differ between COPD and control subjects (Fig. 5c), and the ratio of TFAM protein to TFAM transcript was dramatically reduced in COPD patients (0.23 ± 0.06) compared to controls (0.94 ± 0.22; P < 0.05, Fig. 5d), with the latter observation suggesting impaired translation of TFAM transcript to protein in COPD muscle.