ATG16L1 and Salmonella Infections: It suggests sphingolipids recruiting NOD2 and Atg16L1 into plasma membrane of IECs infected by Salmonella infection contribute to autophagic clearance of invading Salmonella. It is compatible with the report [26] that fumonisin B1, a ceramide synthases inhibitor, increases intestinal colonization by pathogenic Escherichia coli in pigs.