Pharmacological inhibitors of key immunosuppressive mediators (anti-PD1 or PD ligand 1 antibodies, STAT3 and PDE5 inhibitors) have been shown to reduce the number and function of MDSC, Tregs and/or immune T cell-mediated anti-tumour responses in mice and are increasingly being investigated in clinical trials [11, 55, 56] . The gene discussed is STAT3; the disease is neoplasm.