ACE and acute kidney injury: In 2013, a systematic study [50] of conventional HF therapies, including angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI), angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB), direct renin inhibitor (DRI), and AA compared their effects (on prevention of total death, CV death, non-fatal MI, HF hospitalization and composite of CV death or HF hospitalization) and their safety (on hyperkalemia, hypotension, renal failure).