INS and Insulin resistance: In addition to its role in protecting from oxidative stress, this Hsp has also been shown to be involved in the control of insulin resistance through its negative effects on JNK phosporylation.28 Given the previously recognized role of PGC1α in energy expenditure and insulin sensitivity, it is conceivable that Hspa1a/Hsp70/Hsp72 may mediate other metabolic beneficial effects elicited by PGC1α, in addition to its function in cytoprotection in response to hyperthermic stresses.