Thus collectively our data from previous work and the present studies argue that by modulating the function of the chaperones GRP78 and HSP27, regardless of the many other chaperones we also now know are effected by the drug, AR-12 promotes toxic autophagosome formation in tumor cells through two distinct mechanisms and thus this is why the catabolic process is associated with OSU-03012–induced cell death. Here, HSPA5 is linked to neoplasm.