Interestingly, high levels of anti-RAMA-E IgG3-type antibodies were detected in protected individuals who had no detectable parasites even though they lived in a high-incidence malaria area, indicating that this antibody response might be associated with protection against P. falciparum. Recently, the well-characterized P. falciparum RAMA (PfRAMA) orthologue was used to identify PvRAMA [20, 21]. Here, IGHG3 is linked to malaria.